Shewry P.R., Halford N.G. Biofuel Biotechnology for Algal Biofuel Many have touted algae biofuel to be the answer to conventional fossil fuels, as it burns cleaner, releases fewer greenhouse pollutants and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Aquaculture supplies 50% of all fish consumed globally today and by 2030 it is predicted that aquaculture will be the prime source of fish due firstly to demands from consumers, and secondly due to depletion of wild capture fisheries [87]. This leads them to argue that large populations can only be sustained if animal protein is consumed. Wilks M., Phillips C.J.C. [(accessed on 2 March 2017)]; The State of Food Insecurity in the World, Addressing Food Insecurity in Protracted Crises. However, the use of microalgae biomass grown in wastewater for crop production is still quite scarce (Kang et al., 2021). The global market for whey protein is continuing to grow based on increased demand for performance nutrition and beverages such as infant formula. Recently, a group in Oregon developed red seaweed, vegan bacon-tasting alternative to bacon. Bioactivities associated with oat, barley and wheat protein derived peptides include opioid activity while rice protein contains the sequence RGD and lack celiac toxicity which could be beneficial in health and nutrition. Rossi-Fanelli A., Antonini E., Brunori M., Bruzzesi M., Caputo A., Satrani K. Isolation of a monodisperse fraction from cottonseeds. The drive to produce soy, to respond to the increased demand for animal protein, is associated with deforestation, and habitat loss, in South America in particular. Van der Spiegel M., Noordam M.Y., van der Fels-Klerx H.J. Jongema Y. Wageningen Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University; [(accessed on 2 March 2017)]. The possibility of producing meat without slaughtering animals carries an obvious benefit, as does the availability of a meat product with a much-reduced environmental impact. wood logs), some people use the words biomass and biofuel interchangeably. Products obtained by using a blend of cereal and pulses can balance the amino acids and may improve the nutritive value of the product. Algae for Biofuel Production Microalgae reach about three to eight percent efficiency in transforming solar energy to chemical energy, while conventional biofuel crops stay below 1 percent. [(accessed on 14 July 2017)]; Becker E.W. A US based company Solazyme is currently producing AlgaVia a whole algal product with 65% protein for sale as a food additive. Carbon capture and utilization Before Nutritional composition and antinutritional factors of mung bean seeds (. Les microalgues procaryotes (organismes unicellullaires sans noyau, ni organelles) regroupent l'ensemble des cyanobactries [4] (anciennement appeles algues bleues ).Microalgues et nergies renouvelables. Insects vary considerably in fat, and thus energy levels, with some insects recorded as having 77 g/100 g dry weight. It can be converted into liquid transportation fuels that are equivalent to fossil-based fuels, such as gasoline, jet, and diesel fuel. Attitudes to In Vitro meat: A survey of potential consumers in the United States. Les microalgues procaryotes. Factors that influence the potential of various current and future protein supply sources are considered below. 10. Bioethanol Production from Renewable Raw Materials Several groups have documented the use and potential of cereal derived bioactive peptides previously [18,25,26,27,28]. Based on current knowledge, the usage of microalgae is being considered as an attractive feedstock for biofuels production .Depending on species and cultivation method microalgae can produce biohydrogen , biomethanol, bioethanol, biodiesel , or carbohydrates, proteins or other compounds that are being used in pharmaceutical companies .The algal Animals and cattle in particular, often serve as financial instruments and a route out of poverty in developing countries. Target V.M., Arnold T.M. Health benefits and potential risks related to consumption of fish or fish oil. Furthermore, due to the high cost and limited availability of animal proteins in several countries and consumer concerns over health benefits of animal-based proteins, increased attention has focused on the utilization of plant-based proteins as potential sources of low-cost dietary proteins for food use [58]. Whey protein and essential amino acids promote the reduction of adipose tissue and increased muscle protein synthesis during caloric restriction-induced weight loss in elderly, obese individuals. Red meat, on the other hand, was classified as probably carcinogenic to humans (every 100 g of red meat consumption leads to a 17% increased risk). World List of Edible Insects 2015. Brijesh Tiwari wrote Section 4.1. These compounds that cause umami taste in seaweeds are present due to the environment in which seaweeds grow which are often hostile. Table 2 shows the level of proteins in selected pulses consumed around the world. (B) In 2030, the International Energy Agency estimates that 29% of liquid fuels will originate from current conventional oil sources, 57% will be from undeveloped or unidentified conventional oil sources Green Tech Examples Helping Mitigate Climate Change High levels of greenhouse gases (GHG) are produced during meat production with ruminants contributing in a significant way. 2010;49(8):3516-3526. However, the use of microalgae biomass grown in wastewater for crop production is still quite scarce (Kang et al., 2021). Development of a stable semi-continuous lipid production system of an oleaginous Chlamydomonas sp. Oonicx D.G.A.B., de Boer I.J.M. y simulacin de un fotobiorreactor para el cultivo The U.S. Department of Energy is working with the U.S. Department of Transportation, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and other federal government agencies to develop a comprehensive strategy for scaling up new technologies to produce sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) on a commercial scale. Van Kernebeek M.R.J., Oosting S.J., Van Ittersum M.K., Bikker P., De Boer I.J.M. Japan and China also supply these microalgae but there are some concerns regarding toxins, microbial load and other sanitary issues concerning their production. Jatropha is a genus of flowering plants in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae.The name is derived from the Greek words (iatros), meaning "physician", and (trophe), meaning "nutrition", hence the common name physic nut.Another common name is nettlespurge. Gangopadhyay N., Wynne K., OConnor P., Gallagher E., Brunton N.P., Rai D.K., Hayes M. In silico and in vitro analysis of the angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of hydrolysates generated from crude barley (. Popkin B.M., Adair L.S., Nq S.W. Scientific studies have shown the beneficial effect of whey protein on muscle development [46,47] creating applications for body composition, sports, exercise and/or sarcopenia and even for serotonin synthesis in the brain [48]. However, given the upward trajectory of demand in such countries, Scenario 3 assumes that per capita consumption for the additional population will be the same as for developed countries. 2009. Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts | Home page Evaluation of their flour functionality. Imram Khan K. Fluid Dynamic Modelling of bubble column reactor. Kearney J. Given constraints on land and water availability and the impact of meat production on climate change, increased efficiencies in production practices and improvements throughout the wider food chain will be critical [36]. Negative social outcomes are also associated with aquaculture in countries where there are weak regulatory frameworks and there is concern about emerging diseases and disease transmission as a result of increased intensification and globalisation [35]. Bio-Ethanol Production from Fruit and Vegetable Authors choosing this free optional service will be able to: whey-based: whey powder; demineralized whey powder (DWP); whey protein concentrate (WPC); whey protein isolate (WPI); whey protein hydrolysate (WPH). Biodiesel Production Similarly, ensuring insects and insect-based products are acceptable from a sensory perspective and are safe to eat will be critical. Delgado C.L. Bax M.-L., Buffire C., Hafnaoui N., Gaudichon C., Savary-Auzeloux I., Dardevet D., Sant-Lhoutellier V., Rmond D. Effects of meat cooking, and of ingested amount, on protein digestion speed and entry of residual proteins into the colon: A study in minipigs. 9. Klunder H.C., Wolkers-Rooijackers J.C.M., Korpela J.M., Nout M.J.R. While it is possible to adequately meet the nutritional requirements of a larger global population based on current supply volumes, it is highly likely the balance of driving and opposing forces, and a reluctance of policy makers to impose austere diets on citizens, will result in a world which will demand significantly more protein in the future. total milk protein: milk protein concentrate (MPC); isolate (MPI); hydrolysate (MPH); casein-based: caseinates from acid or rennet source (as sodium or calcium salts) and micellar casein; and. Seaweeds could also be used in aquaculture diets or as animal feeds. [4] when they assessed the land use efficiency of different livestock systems. Being cold-blooded, they perform better in terms of feed conversion efficiency, and they reproduce more rapidly [76]. This increased demand requires significant production growth. In a wider societal context, it is necessary to consider the impact on farmers livelihoods, in particular smaller operators and those in under-developed economies, who rely on livestock production for income and wealth. Meat Quality Aspects: From Genes to Ethics. It contains approximately 170 species of succulent plants, shrubs and trees (some are deciduous, like Mosa Meat, a Dutch start-up, continues to develop it, focusing on improving flavor through co-culturing of fat cells, and cost reduction. Saving land to feed a growing population: Consequences for consumption of crop and livestock products. microalgae Adeoti I.A., Hawboldt K. A review of lipid extraction from fish processing by-product for use as biofuel. Currently, it is over-dependent on a supply of fishmeal and fish oil, and there are concerns surrounding pollution and water quality, use of soy and chemicals in aquaculture feed, and habitat destruction. While global demand for protein is clear, predicting equilibrium between supply and demand for dairy protein is complicated by differences in rate at which intra- and inter-country milk production systems develop. Nonetheless, current primary production systems remain expensive, with a need to develop automation processes to make insect production economically competitive; extraction processing systems are also too costly and need further development [72]. nova-Institute is a private and independent research institute, founded in 1994; nova offers research and consultancy with a focus on the transition of the chemical and material industry to renewable carbon. These scenarios show significant variation in additional demand, between 32% and 43% in these examples, depending on the level of per capita demand assumed. Health effects include control of blood pressure through inhibition of enzymes within the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), maintenance of bone health, control of inflammation (antioxidant peptides), mental health through the action of opioid peptides and platelet activating factor acetyl-hydrolase inhibitory (PAF-AH) peptides) and several other bioactivities [92]. Protein from meat is an excellent source of essential amino acids and has high net protein utilization and digestibility [38]. Agarwal S., Beausire R.L.W., Patel S., Patel H. Innovative uses of milk protein concentrates in product development. Microalgal lipid production has attracted global attention in next-generation biofuel research. Active policy involvement is required to prevent irreversible consequences of dietary changes [5] and to ensure food security. Les microalgues procaryotes. EU representing 82% of the total biofuel production (Bozbas, 2008) and has been reported to emit substantially lower quantities of most of the regulated pollutants compared to mineral diesel. This is for pragmatic reasons including the fact that they have established production and supply systems, are important economic sectors in rural areas and provide additional economic benefits in developing countries, their use is well established in consumers routines and practices and animal-based protein, in particular, has a significant role in diets, lifestyles and culture. Advances in production technologies, including technologies such as advanced monitoring systems (e.g., biomass monitoring and harvest monitoring) and remote sensing, and biological innovations in genomics and plant breeding will improve input efficiencies and help to anticipate and thus mitigate production risks (e.g., weather and pest related risks). The control afforded from the process means that consumers can be confident that they are being offered a standard product. Bioethanol derived from biomass contributed 1014% of Microalgue Minor components of pulses and their potential impact on human health. These scenarios show significantly different outcomes in future demand ranging from a 78% increase to a reduction of more than 10%. Overall, this discussion points to the need for a change in the narrative from a discussion around good and bad sources of protein towards a better balance of sustainable protein [29]. As highlighted by Gerber and colleagues [37], ruminants play a key role in converting fibrous material, which cannot be digested by humans, into protein which has a high nutritional value. The WRAP report states that ensuring the UK has a diversified, sustainable and healthy supply of protein will be one of the defining challenges of the coming decades. In terms of determining a physiological effect in humans, knowledge concerning the bioavailability of peptides and research on randomized clinical trials is necessary in order to understand the full potential of these proteins for health benefits and applications. A recent review by Garca-Vaquero [84] and others [83] suggest that the red seaweed Porphyra sp., has potential for use as feed for sea bream due to the high protein content and excellent amino acid profile of this species. While insects are similar to other animal-derived products in that they are rich in nutrients and moisture (providing a medium for growth of unwanted microorganisms in certain conditions), the fact that insects are phylogenetically far removed from mammals, birds and some aquatic species regularly consumed as food means that significant differences are expected when making comparisons between them in terms of risks [77]. La langue anglaise ne possde qu'un seul terme, biofuel, qui peut tre galement retrouv dans des textes francophones. 9. Waste from the food is a challenge to the environment all over the globe, hence there is need to be recycled. Global Nutrition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Algal Biofuels Chem. This research supports a case for the transformation of the food system, whereby livestock become vehicles to use resources (i.e., grass and food by-products) that cannot otherwise be used for food production, rather than being sources of high-quality protein [99]. Furthermore, positive environmental impacts cannot be assumed with novel protein sources and care must be taken to ensure that comparisons between novel and existing protein sources are valid. Nonaka K. Feasting on insects, invited review. Campos-Vega R., Loarca-Pia G., Oomah B.D. protein, novel protein, protein demand, in vitro meat, algae, insect, dairy, meat, vegetal, consumer. Dairy production at farm level is subject to many of the negative environmental impacts associated with meat production due to its requirement for land and water and production of GHGs. Therefore, industrial CO 2 could be collected and used for cultivation of microalgae as part of The global market for dairy protein is complex, multifaceted and driven by evolving markets and, more recently, trends in lifestyle nutrition. Abbey L., Glover-Amengor M., Atikpo M.O., Atter A., Toppe J. Nutrient content of fish powder from low value fish and fish by-products. CCU differs from carbon capture and storage (CCS) in that CCU does not aim nor Algal Biofuels Lucia, U., & Grisolia, G. (2018). While the United Nations, some governments and several NGOs are implementing campaigns to reduce the amount of meat consumed [33,34], global meat consumption is expected to increase by 76% by 2050 [35]. Development of a stable semi-continuous lipid production system of an oleaginous Chlamydomonas sp. Furthermore, fish protein is highly digestible and rich in essential amino acids that are limited in animal sourced protein including methionine (6.5% compared to 5.7% of total essential amino acids in fish compared to animal meat) and lysine (19.6% compared to 19.0% of total essential amino acids in fish compared to animal meat). Home - nova-Institute Hurrell R., Egli I. These in turn are influenced by the environment in the abattoir such as chilling regime, hanging method and electrical inputs. They identified that during processing operations for powder production (SMP, WMP, and protein powders) the highest contribution to GWP was due to the energy intensive evaporation and drying steps. Quality characteristics, chemical composition, and sensory properties of butter from cows on pasture versus indoor feeding systems. Production and supply of high-quality food protein for human consumption: Sustainability, challenges, and innovations. The first cultured hamburger was created by Mark Post of Maastricht University in 2013, cost 200,000 and took two years to create [35]. Hayes M. Bioactive peptides and their potential use for the prevention of diseases associated with Alzheimers disease and mental health disorders: Food for Thought? Take that, conventional biofuel crops! Available online: Van Huis A., Van Itterbeeck J., Klunder H., Mertens E., Halloran A., Muir G., Vantomme P. Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Food and Food. Shih F., Daigle K. Preparation and characterization of rice protein isolates. Several recent publications highlight the potential of this resource as a source of bioactive peptides [89], lipids [90] and small molecules/nutrients including vitamins and minerals [91]. At present, microalgae are largely targeted for their EPA/DHA content and are sold as health foods, as cosmetics or as animal feed [82]. In addition to increased demand arising from population growth, increased demand for protein globally is driven by socio-economic changes such as rising incomes, increased urbanisation, and aging populations whereby the contribution of protein to healthy aging is increasingly recognised [5,6], and recognition of the role of protein in a healthy diet. Butanol fuel Accessibility A claim such as Pasture based, i.e., animals fed on grass outdoors, is an example of a trending marketable attribute associated with dairy products. Chem. Fleurence J. Seaweed proteins; biochemical, nutritional aspects and potential uses. The benefits of implementing Open Access are reaped by many end users, such as, students, researchers, clinicians, patients, policy makers, and journalists. Microalgal lipid production has attracted global attention in next-generation biofuel research. nova-Institute Renewable Carbon Strategies. Raw meat contains 2025% protein depending on source and fat content, which, on loss of water due to cooking, can correspond to 2836% in cooked meat. The quality of the protein is a key attribute for such application; the emphasis is on individual, digestible amino acid content, which is excellent for dairy proteins, and in particular the whey protein -lactalbumin, which also has high lysine availability [49]. Studies carried out previously suggest that the method of extraction has an impact on digestibility of protein but that seaweed derived proteins are for the most part digestible and comparable to casein but the carbohydrate fraction and phlorotannins found in brown seaweeds can affect digestibility [83]. Butanol may be used as a fuel in an internal combustion engine.It is more similar to gasoline than it is to ethanol.A C4-hydrocarbon, butanol is a drop-in fuel and thus works in vehicles designed for use with gasoline without modification. Hanson T. Economic analysis project rising returns for intensive biofloc shrimp system. Future Protein Supply and Demand: Strategies and Factors Seafood consumption is generally increasing in many parts of the World, particularly for coastal communities. Such efficiency strategies are reported to have the potential to result in a reduction of up to 30% in GHG emissions from the livestock sector, if applied globally [99]. Rising consumption of meat and milk in developing countries has created a new food revolution. [97] found that over half of the consumers surveyed accepted the feasibility of the concept but most were sceptical about it from a taste and health perspective, and only a minority would recommend or accept eating it instead of real meat. However, more recently, insects have been identified as an alternative source of protein for the Western world, not only as a delicacy or for emergency nutrition [73], supported by organizations such as the FAO [72] and the European Commission. Some safety hazards include potential accumulation of heavy metals, high levels of iodine, and contaminants such as dioxins and pesticides [13]. Novel proteins require the development of new value chains, and attention to issues such as production costs, food safety, scalability and consumer acceptance. The hugely successful protein bar segment has recently been extended to popular chocolate based bars, offering high protein (e.g., 18 g of protein per bar) alternatives, based on skim milk, milk protein and/or whey protein concentrate. Halloran, Roos, Eilenberg, Cerutti and Bruun (2016) [101] identify the publication of the book Edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security [72] as a notable landmark and state that it captivated a multitude of stakeholders and successfully drew significant attention to the area [72] (p. 2). Cunsolo V., Muccilli V., Saletti R., Foti S. Mass spectrometry in the proteome analysis of mature cereal kernels. Belluco S., Losasso C., Maggioletti M., Alonzi C.C., Paoletti M.G., Ricci A. The new PMC design is here! There are many strategies are available to respond to growing global protein demand which span technological advancements, changes in the agri-food system and shifts in consumption patterns. Algae fuel, algal biofuel, or algal oil is an alternative to liquid fossil fuels that uses algae as its source of energy-rich oils. 1Department Agri-Food Business and Spatial Analysis, Rural Economy and Development Programme, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin D15 KN3K, Ireland, 2Food BioSciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin D15 KN3K, Ireland; ei.csagaet@seyaH.airaM, 3Food Quality and Sensory Science, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin D15 KN3K, Ireland; ei.csagaet@nelluM.ennA, 4Teagasc Food Research Programme, Teagasc Food Research Centres, Ashtown and Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland; ei.csagaet@noleneF.kraM, 5Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin D15 KN3K, Ireland; ei.csagaet@irawiT.hsejirB. An example of this is provided by the Forum for the Future, a project which brought the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), dairy firm Volac, flavour firm Firmenich, confectionery manufacturer Hershey and the meat-free brand Quorn together under the project the Protein Challenge 2040. Cyanobacteria and Microalgae: Thermoeconomic Considerations in Biofuel Production. There has also been a significant reduction in manure, methane, N2O and the overall carbon footprint associated with milk produced currently compared to 1944 [51]. However, fish protein is also a rich source of bioactive peptides. Carbon footprint of Canadian dairy products: Calculations and issues. 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