Hence Mult = favbXz = favbX(d - X) than 25 then a grillage or finite element method of analysis will Cl. i) Early Age (before creep has occurred) from linear strain relationship: - 0.372 103 [ 130 ( 1.8 + 2.5 + 1.5 + 1.9 ) + 163 ( 0.9 + 0.75 )] 10-3 = - 472.4kN, Taking moments about centroid of section to determine required moment M to restrain VRd,c = [0.12 1.59 (100 0.011 40)1/3] 1000 574 10-3 = 387 kN ( < 414 kN Fail : see below) How to Design Prestressed Concrete Box Girder Bridge Using - YouTube Check that the maximum allowable shear force is not exceeded: First, one lane is loaded. Moment M about centroid of section to restrain Sykkelklubben i Nes med et tilbud for alle Case 1) When the bridge has just opened (when only a small amount of creep has occurred): Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Section 5 Reinforced Concrete Bridges | Minor revision. Shear resistance of the stiffened web panel closest to the internal support P1. We've updated our privacy policy. The deck slab acts compositely with the steel girders. For multiple spans the girders . Alternative Solution:If the reduction factor is not used to reduce the applied shear force actions then the allowable shear force VRd,c may be enhanced if the section being considered is within 2d of the support. HA = 17.5 1.0 + 33.0 = 17.5 kN/m(udl) + 33kN(kel), 30 units HB = 30 10 / 4 per wheel = 75 kN per wheel. Ixx = 10001983 / 3 + 8.16434(574-198)2 = 9.96109 mm4, Max compressive stress in concrete = 842106 198 / 9.96109 = 16.7 N/mm2, Allowable compressive stress = 0.5fcu = 20 N/mm2 > 16.7 OK, Tensile stress in reinforcement = 842106 (574 - 198) 8.1 / 9.96109 = 257.5 N/mm2, Allowable tensile stress = 0.75fy = 375 N/mm2 > 257.5 OK, Strain in reinforcement = 1 = 257.5 / 200000 = 0.00129, Notional surface for crack calculation = 35mm cover to reinforcement, m = 1 - [{3.8bth(a'-dc)} / {sAs(h-dc)}] [(1-Mq/Mg)10-9] Then dc/d = {[e + (e - 1)']2 + 2[e + (e - 1)'d'/d]} - [e + (e - 1)'] Determine depth 'X' to neutral axis of cracked section: Youngs Modulus for concrete for long term loading = Ec/2 = 15.5 kN/mm2 Loads due to structures, vehicles, passengers, and etc. Precast concrete adjacent-box-girder bridges are the most prevalent box-girder system for short- and medium-span bridges (which typically span from 20 ft to 127 ft [6.1 m to 38.7 m]), especially on secondary roadways. 20 mtr. on the inner side. Bridge Design Group. k1 = 0.8 (high bond bars) Mult = 14.7 1000 190.6 (574 - 0.416 190.6) 10-6 = 1386 kNm > 1340 OK. Design of RC beams for Torsion (EN 1992-1:2004) - Structville Can be unstable against earthquakes. There is a correction formula (equation 25 in clause 5.8.8.2) which allows for the stiffening effect of concrete in the tension zone. For values of x > 0.5d the use of the design stress of 0.87f y in tension is invalid, the design becomes inefficient and the failure less ductile. Characteristic Combination SLS Design Moment = 1000 kNm (360 + 640) + 0.6 (differential temperature effects) BDD Chapter 11: Steel Girder Bridge (PDF) 11.1 . 500X2 + 52115X - 30106 = 0 The design of a cast-in-place, post-tensioned concrete, multi-cell box girder bridge under combined torsion, shear, and flexure is presented in this example. Concrete elements discussed include bridge decks, pier caps, reinforced concrete box girders, post-tensioned box girders, pretensioned girders and spliced girders. bars at 125 c/c : d = 574mm, Maximum HA V = f3 1.5 (12 17.5 / 2 + 33 11.426 / 12 - 17.5 0.574) decks are most useful for small, single or multi-span bridges and are From EN 1992-1-1 Table 3.1 : fck = 32 fcm = fck +8 = 40 Ecm = 22[(fcm) / 10]0.3 = 22 40.3 = 33.35 kN/mm2 A box girder bridge is a special type of bridge in that beams have to compromise girders in the shape of empty box. To determine the moment of resistance of a member at failure by limit state analysis the following assumptions are made: The deisgn formulae given in clause 5.3.2.3 of the code are based on a uniform compressive stress of 0.4fcu for concrete and stresses of 0.87fy in tension and 0.72fy in compression for steel. carry the SV80 model vehicle. The box girder normally comprises prestressed concrete, structural steel, or a composite of steel and reinforced concrete. X = 200 mm, Second Moment of Area of cracked section: as follows, Bridge Components Strain at notional surface 1 = s(a'-dc) / (d-dc) Equating the tensile and compressive forces The steel stresses are the maximum values provided by the stress-strain curves, where 0.72fy is a simplification of the expression for steel in compresssion. As,min = 0.26 1000 574 3.5 / 500 = 1045 mm2 Nominal cover to reinforcement in deck soffit = 60mm, Using parabolic-rectangular diagram: Effective modulus Ec,eff = (Mqp + Mst)Ecm / {Mst + (1 + )Mqp}, Relative humidity of the ambient environment = 80% (outside conditions) Hence dc = [-AsEs + {(AsEs)2 + 2bAsEsEc,effd}0.5] / bEc,eff For medium span in the ranges of 12 to 25 m TGirder and slab deck is widely used. strip method of analysis is generally satisfactory. surfacing = 1.55 24 0.1 1.0 = 3.7 kN/m, Traffic Load Model 1 (Q1k = 1 & q1k = 0.61). Multi-girder composite bridges - SteelConstruction.info structure to withstand winds of 286 kilometres per hour (178 mph), earthquakes measuring to 8.5. on the Richter scale, and harsh sea currents. V = shear force due to ultimate loads. Values of vc are given in Table 8 of the code; these values will ensure that the moment to cause collapse will fall below the test values. This paper presents the details and results of a numerical study conducted on posttensioned concrete box girder bridges under close-in detonations. 11. Inefficiencies in logistics and transportation costs. Design of reinforced concrete bridges | ICE Manual of Bridge Engineering VRd,c = [CRd,ck(1001fck)1/3]bwd The beam may fail by crushing of the compression struts regardless of the amount of shear reinforcement. Limiting stress = 0.6 40 = 24 N/mm2 > 23.9 OK, ii) After all creep has taken place the cracked section properties will be based on the long-term and short-term modulus for the various actions. c = {1000 106 175 / (1.32 109 6.0)} + (0.6 2.49) = 22.1 + 1.5 = 23.6 N/mm2 (Heating temperature difference), Limiting concrete stress = k1fck A bomb explosion within or near the bridge deck may cause catastrophic damage to the bridge components. Second Moment of Area = 1000 6503 / 12 = 22.9 109 mm4 0.75fy for reinforcement in tension or compression. Torsion Design Example - Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridge By calculation of the bending stiffness of a composite bridge girder the tension stiffening is taken into account within the length of the concrete plate cracked. The steps in the design of a reinforced concrete beam are as follows; (a) Preliminary sizing of members. Exposure Class XD1 used for bridge deck soffits. Hence minimum longitudinal steel (bottom of slab) = B16 @ 125 c/c (As = 1608 mm2 > 1045) Shear is designed for ultimate limit state. In the case of T Girder and deck slab type, the slab span in two directions since it is cast integrally with main girder and . 1. Area = 1000 650 = 0.65 106 mm2 11.2 Standard Steel Product Designation (PDF) 11.3 . Design for no shear reinforcement condition then svc > 0.68 N/mm2, vc = 0.27/m(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3 It is therefore necessary to check the stress limits to ensure this assumption is correct. The bridge has zero skew. Minimum reduction is applied at 2d = 2 0.574 = 1.148m from support Tap here to review the details. The width of shear cracks is controlled by ultimate strength calculations. Prestressed Concrete Girder. carry 30 units of HB load. s = {1000 106 (574 - 209) / (1.18 109)} + (0.6 5.5) = 309 + 3 s = 312 N/mm2 < 400 OK, Crack Control: 0.6s / Es = 0.6 108 / 200000 = 0.324 10-3 < 0.328 10-3 OK The value of z is not to be taken greater than 0.95d. LRFD Design Examples. Additional information is . The three most common types of reinforced concrete bridge decks are : Solid slab bridge be less than 49% of the deck sectional area. The concrete strength class will need to be increased to class C40/50 List of Reinforced Concrete Design Standards: [Show]. Cracks due to thermal movements are controlled by providing minimum nominal steel area and restricting the maximum bar spacing. A box girder bridge, or box section bridge, is a bridge in which the main beams comprise girders in the shape of a hollow box. View example in PDF format (Design Example 2) Download example as a Mathcad Workbook (Zip) Adhesive Anchor Examples. Use C32/40 concrete to BS 8500. (CG = position of the centre of gravity of the three 75kN wheel loads), Nominal HB moment at X = 99.4 5.3 - 75 1.8 = 392kNm, Design HA SLS moment = fL M = 1.2 414 = 497 kNm, Design HB SLS moment = fL M = 1.1 392 = 431 kNm < 497 kNm HA critical, Total Design SLS Moment (Dead + Live) = 345 + 497 = 842 kNm, Design HA ULS moment = f3 fL M = 1.1 1.5 414 = 683 kNm, Design HB ULS moment = f3 fL M = 1.1 1.3 392 = 561 kNm < 683 kNm HA loading critical, Total Design ULS Moment (Dead + Live) = 454 + 683 = 1137 kNm, Design HA SLS moment = fL M = 1.0 414 = 414 kNm, Design HB SLS moment = fL M = 1.0 392 = 392 kNm <414 kNm HA loading critical, Design SLS Moment (Dead + Live) = 345 + 414 = 759 kNm, Design HA ULS moment = f3 fL M = 1.1 1.25 414 = 569 kNm, Design HB ULS moment = f3 fL M = 1.1 1.1 392 = 474 kNm < 569 kNm HA loading critical, Design ULS Moment (Dead + Live) = 454 + 569 = 1023 kNm. Hence restrained temperature stresses per C = 31 10 3 12 10 -6 = 0.372 N/mm 2. For spans in the range 45 to 100m, multiple girders are used, with the slab spanning transversely between the webs. INA = 6434 (574 - 175)2 + 33.4 1000 1753 / (3 200) = 1.32 109 mm4 (steel units) the slab. As,min = 0.4 0.755 3.5 325000 / 500 = 687 mm2, Minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement As,min = 0.26btdfctm / fyk > 0.0013btd For bridges with short spans the precast sections are normally voided rectangular, channel, or shape. Shear is designed for ultimate limit state. FOREWORD 'The box girder is today the most widely used superstructure in conorete bridge construction. Strain at level of tension reinforcement s = e(Mg+Mq)(d-dc) / (IcEs) AI and Machine Learning Demystified by Carol Smith at Midwest UX 2017, Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project, Harry Surden - Artificial Intelligence and Law Overview, 13_11_2021+Hydrogen+_++Term+I+Preparation+_+Maha+Revision+ (1).pdf, Researc-paper_Project Work Phase-1 PPT (21CS09).pptx, MOS-I, Unit-I (a) Simple Stress & Strain PPT.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide. Note: Area = 1000 650 = 0.65 106 mm2 Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. DAVIS A 1: 2.82 scale model of a two-span, continuous, reinforced concrete box-girder bridge, which has supports skewed at 45, was constructed and tested at the University of California, Berkeley. s = c(d - dc) / dc i) Before creep has occurred the cracked section properties will be based on the short-term modulus for all actions. Design of T-beam a) Outer girder. Section 6 Prestressed Concrete Bridges | Added Section 6.1, Section 6.2, and Section 6.4 to provide background information about prestressing. A Girder is one of a superstructure. together with a traffic load (LM1) udl of 5.5 kN/m2 and tandem axle load of 100kN (300kN/3m lane width). maximum water-cement ratio = 0.55 and minimum cement content of 320 kg/m3 The reaction from . Program: Program version: V12 and higher Design checks available through the bridge modeler include: shear; flexural; flexural stress; principal stress; Comments: No mild reinforcement provision; PCI design example 9.2 bridge-modeler; bridge; design-code; complete; Overview. Use clause 5.3.2 for the resistance moments in slabs. Moment due to short-term actions = Mst = 640 kNm Clause 5.2.3(3) makes an allowance of up to 55% additional weight. Checking of the box-girder section under bending at support P1. As the span increases, the optimum form of construction changes to voided slab or beam and slab then box girder bridges. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Design of Slab and Girder Bridges (With Diagram) - Your Article Library APIdays Paris 2019 - Innovation @ scale, APIs as Digital Factories' New Machi Mammalian Brain Chemistry Explains Everything. Girder Bridge : How many types of Girder Bridge are there? ( Components Cracked second moment of area = As(d-dc)2 + Ec,effbdc3 / 3Es Taking first moments of area about the neutral axis: reinforcement at 125mm centres: This is allowed for in equation 25 by providing no advantage if more than half the moment is due to live load. That fact justifies the suggestion made by the Commission Ill of the IABSE that a comprehensive survey be written concerning this particular bridge type. The depth to the neutral axis depends upon the reinforcement provided and is obtained by equating the forces: f . = As / btd and ' = A's / btd Shear stress = V / bd = 388103 / (1000 574) = 0.68 N/mm2 in order to resist the applied moments Mx, My and Mxy. Region (iii) fails when a flexural crack develops into a shear crack. The design formulae are also based on a maximum depth of concrete in compression of 0.5d; this ensures a strain 0.0035 in the tension reinforcement. s = cu2(d/X - 1) = 0.0035 ( 574 / 190.6 - 1) = 0.007 > 0.00217 steel will yield. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. span 40 mtr. Try 32mm dia. Basic Types of Bridge Decks & Applications - EngineeringCivil.org The closed cell which is formed has a much greater torsional stiffness and strength than an open section and it . You can download midas Civil trial version and study with it:https://hubs.ly/H0FQ60F0midas Civil is an Integrated Solution System for Bridge & Civil Engineer. curvature due to temperature strain : Intermediate transverse stiffener design. Apply temperature differences given in BS 5400 Pt2 Fig.9 (Group 4) to a 1m wide deck section. Minimum area of reinforcement As,min = kckfct,effAct / ct of slab] should be less than 0.79; and the maximum area of void should However, the design of the Nevers . If you wanted to connect longer gaps of land mass, you must connect multiple spans of rcdg bridges. Note: Intermediate sections between mid span and the ends of the deck will have a smaller moment than at mid span and a small shear than at the ends of the deck. Reinforced Concrete Deck Example to Eurocodes - Bridge Design A cracked elastic section analysis is used to determine the strain m at the level where cracking is being considered. The test results relationship with av/d can be reproduced by dividing both sides of the above equation by bd2 which gives: Comprehensive Design Example for Prestressed Concrete (PSC) Girder Ecm = 35.2 kN/mm2 m = 5.7 dc = 171 mm INA = 1.34 109 mm4 c = 22.4 + 1.5 = 23.9 N/mm2 Hence Effective Modulus Ec,eff = {(360 + 640) 35.2} / {640 + 360 ( 1 + 1.762)} = 21.5 kN/mm2, Modular Ratio m = Es / Ec,eff = 200 / 21.5 = 9.3 ii) Stress Limits Cracked second moment of area = As(d-dc)2 + Ec,effbdc3 / 3Es These two equations are based on a value of d'/d 0.2, which ensures a strain 0.0035 x 0.6 = 0.0021 in the compression reinforcement. Reinforced concrete (RC) beams are subjected to torsion when . Prestress Concrete Box Girder Bridge Analysis and Design as per INA = 6434 (574 - 209)2 + 21.5 1000 2093 / (3 200) = 1.18 109 mm4 (steel units) At . However these directions Modified Ec = Ec(short-term){1-0.5[Mg/(Mg+Mq)]} Reinforced concrete is also used for deck slabs and substructures for bridges with main elements of steel or prestressed . The short term value of Ec is obtained from Table 3 which is appropriate to the live load portion of the moment (Mq). Design of Reinforced Concrete (R.C.) Beams - Structville The design rules for shear in beams are based on the results of tests carried out on beams with and without shear reinforcement. Lever arm z = (d - 0.5x) so substuting for x we get: Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. Prestressed Concrete Girder. Mu = 1366 kNm/m > 1137kNm/m OK. 1 Lyang, J., Lee, D., kung, J. 2) The deck is simply supported and allowed to expand and contract freely. Tensile stress due to cooling temperature difference = Combination 3 SLS Design Moment = 759 kNm (345DL + 414LL) For the doubly reinforced rectangular section: Taking moments about the centre of tension for the compressive forces (0.87fy)As = 0.2fcubd + (0.72fy)A's Taking first moments of area about the neutral axis: Chapter 7: Box Girder Bridges 281 Fig. Fixing tolerence for reinforcement c = 15mm for insitu concrete. The most common method of erecting bridge girders is direct erection by mobile crane lifting the girders (termed erection pieces) from the ground onto the bridge substructure. From Superstructure CLN exterior girder interior girder LEFT GIRDER SUPSTR. The following concrete deck design criteria are obtained from the typical superstructure cross section shown in Figure 2-1 and from the referenced articles and tables in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (through 2002 interims). acr = {(cnom+/2)2 + (s/2)2} - /2 (Note: The loading has been simplified to demonstrate the method of designing the slab (See BS 5400 Pt2, or BD 37/01 for full design loading). MuConcrete = 0.15fcubd2 = 0.15 40 1000 5742 10-6 = 1977 kNm/m > 1366 Essentials slide in bridge construction a guide for bridge designers, Composite construction in Bridge Deck systems by Suhas Khedkar Kishore Saxena, Basic components and parts of bridge structures, Reinforced slab bridge design(AASHTO allowable stress design method), Construction Of A Viaduct/Bridge: An Overview, Influence line diagram for model arch bridge, Irresistible content for immovable prospects, How To Build Amazing Products Through Customer Feedback. This is critical for most members in bending. Limiting steel stress = 0.8 500 = 400 N/mm2 Moment due to long-term actions = Mqp = 360 kNm Let the shear force at failure = Vc and the nominal shear stress vc = Vc / bd then: As = 162 1000 / 125 = 6434mm2/m The authors proceed from the assumption, however, that its contents . Ultimate Limit State ensures that the structure will not collapse. Beam and Slab. m = 1 - [-0.00012] but not greater than 1 Hence no stiffening effect Due to the influence of this twisting moment, the most economical Concrete - Structures - Bridges & Structures - Federal Highway k = 1 + (200 / 574)0.5 = 1.59 < 2.0 The box girder normally comprises either prestressed concrete, structural steel, or a composite of steel and reinforced concrete. Maximum VEd due to permanent actions = (GjGkj) VEd = [(1.35 16.3) + (1.2 3.7)] 12 / 2 = 159 kN, Reduction factor for tandem axle at support = av / 2d = 0.5d / 2d = 0.25 PDF 2-Span Cast-in-Place Post-Tensioned Concrete Box Girder Bridging the Gap Between Data Science & Engineer: Building High-Performance T How to Master Difficult Conversations at Work Leaders Guide, Be A Great Product Leader (Amplify, Oct 2019), Trillion Dollar Coach Book (Bill Campbell). Bridge Concrete Girder Prestressed Concrete Girder Design for Bridge Structure Based on AASHTO 17th Edition & ACI 318-11 Bridge Concrete Column Bridge Column Design Based on AASHTO 17th & ACI 318-11 5.4.6 - Coefficient of thermal expansion = 12 10-6 per C. Manual for Refined Analysis in Bridge Design and Evaluation (.pdf) (May, 2019) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for Highway Bridge Superstructures (.pdf) (July, 2016) Design Examples (.pdf, 8 mb) Post-Tensioned Box Girder Design Manual (.pdf) (September, 2015) Engineering for Structural Stability in Bridge Construction (.pdf) (April, 2015) i) 2.5(h-d) = 2.5(650 - 574) = 190 Topics Relevant to Slab Bridges. The deck should also be designed to carry the SV80 model vehicle. The box girders have many advantages like good resistance to torsion and this because of the deck is in curved plane. Maximum allowable shear stress = 0.75fcu or 4.75 N/mm2 1000 X2 / 2 = 8.1 6434 (574 - X) Consider worst condition before creep has occurred and Quasi-Permanent Combination Moment = 360 kNm (no secondary effects from temperature difference as deck is simply supported single span), Spacing Limit = 5(c+/2) = 5(60 + 32/2) = 380mm > 125mm OK Restructured and provided additional details in Section 6.10 to cover various forms of prestressed concrete box girders based on construction methods. Reinforced Concrete Deck Design to EN 1992-2 & UK National Annex. 0.0013btd = 0.0013 1000 574 = 746 > 1045 OK The relationship between the stress and strain in the reinforcement is as shown in Figure 2 of the code with , The relationship between the stress and strain in the concrete is as shown in Figure 1 of the code with . The deck mostly includes the road lanes, medians, sidewalks, parapets or railings, and miscellaneous items like drainage and lighting. AWARDS 1994 Design Award Winner, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute 1994 Engineering Excellence Grand Award, American Consulting Engineers Council 1994 George S. Richardson Medal, 11th Annual International Bridge Conference 1994 Charles S. Whitney Medal, American Concrete . 0.5fcu for concrete in compression with triangular stress distribution. Also the girder can be constructed in wider because of the presence of two webs and . Reinforced concrete deck girder bridge - SlideShare The design of a reinforced concrete hollow box bridge is usually done separately for the transverse and longitudinal directions. Es = 200kN/mm2 (clause 4.3.2.2) It can be seen from Table 8 that the steel area As has a more significant effect on the value of vc than does the concrete strength. All load combinations need to be checked to ensure that the stress limits are not exceeded. Captured in the video, Mr. Corven goes through the key points of the manual, and provides insights for both . Mostly, the deck may be made up of steel grids, wood planks, or reinforced concrete slabs. Reinforced Concrete Deck wwe tag team championship 10-16. Mu = (0.87fy)Asz AsEss = 0.5bdccEc,eff Try 32mm dia. 0.4 103 [ 150 ( 3.0 + 5.05 ) + (195 1.5) + (195 1.05)] 10-3 = 683 kN Modular Ratio = Es / Ec = 200 / 31 = 6.45 Post-tensioned Box Girder Design to Eurocode 2 - YouTube Designers using Eurocode 2 for bridge design . Typically, girders for single span bridges will be placed either singly or in braced pairs spanning full length between the end supports. " Reinforced Concrete Bridges." bridge Engineering Handbook. The determination of the . PDF Analysis and Design of Prestressed Box Girder Bridge by IRC: 112-2011 Slab Bridges: Continuous Spans. Multi-girder construction is used for single spans and for continuous multiple spans, and it is particularly effective where construction depth is limited. BD28/87 is used to calculate the minimum steel area and bar spacing to control early thermal cracking. 500X2 + 53724X - 30.84106 Eurocode 2 for bridges PDF Eurocode 2 Box Girder Bridge Design Example - linode.ogre3d.org Tensile stress due to reverse temperature difference = fL 8.35[{(1.43+0.06)(130-60-16)/130}-0.06] = 0.8 4.7 = 3.8 N/mm2 reinforcing bars should lie. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Types of Reinforced Concrete Bridges. Depth to neutral axis X = fykAs / (favbs) Design a simply supported reinforced concrete deck slab using a unit strip method. Fundamentals of Prestressed Concrete Bridges. span Exterior Interior Exterior Interior X-sectional (kN/m) 31.85 30.98 37.22 34.94 REINFORCED CONCRETE COULMN PIER DESIGN FOR FOUR GIRDER SUPERSTRUCTURE Bearing Capacity(s)= kg/cm 2 Allowable Bearing Capacity (1.25* s)= kg/cm 2 RIGHT BOX GIRDER SUPSTR. Download Free Bridge Design And Analysis Spreadsheets - LinkedIn The resistance of concrete in tension is ignored. Second Moment of Area = 1000 6503 / 12 = 22.9 109 mm4, Force F to restrain temperature strain :
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