"Silver and Ottoman monetary history in global perspective. These revolutionized Andean mining as mine workers were now able to chip away hard rock. Silver was critical to European trade with the Orient. Ships for the Pacific coastal trade were built in Nicaragua, Guatemala, or in Mexico, and could be as large as 300 tones. [9] In exchange for silver, China would provide Japan with silk and gold. Silver and Global Commerce .pdf - Silver and Global - Course Hero Global silver trade from the 16th to 19th centuries Information endobj Silver was one of the only accepted trade items from Europeans and its value in China was astronomical compared to rest of the world. Inca tribute labor system adopted by Sp, required 200+ Native Am. But in 1825, after 15 years of struggle, Simon Bolivar, marked the end of the Mita, and of the Vila imperial of Potosi, and the Liberator symbolically proclaimed South American freedom from the summit of the Cerro Rico. One year later similarly rich mines were discovered near Zacatecas, roughly 800 kilometers to the northwest of Mexico City. [8] The abundance of silver in China made it easy for the country to mint it into coinage. It is a cold and barren landscape. The Mughals like the Ottomans and the Safavids used Potosi silver to finance their wars of conquest. In 1563 this situation was transformed when a rich mercury mine was discovered at Huancavelica in central Peru. The silver produced in Potosi was carried on the backs of llamas and mules to Pacific coast from whence it was shipped from Arica to the isthmus of Panama where mule trains carried the silver overland to the Caribbean port of Nombre de Dios. Hardware had to be imported from Spain: Ironware, nails, horseshoes, machetes, pickaxes, hinges, locks. Document 2 depicts the processing and . The valleys are 1,950 meters above sea level. Royal officials in various parts of Spanish America often protected the activities of local merchants and enacted protectionist policies that encouraged local monopolies. i. What was the significance of the silver trade in the early modern era The air blast was provided by sheep or goat skin bellows. ", Hung, Ho-fung. Hispanic Society of America, Ottoman illustration of the Cerro Rica of Potosi from Tarih-l Hind-l. Carbi, manuscript, ca 1582, The Newberry Library, Chicago, Dams at Potosi. African Slaves were also sent by this route to Potos until 1622 when the Spanish crown insisted that all African slaves for the Spanish American pacific coast territories be sent via Panama (though the clandestine trade via Buenos Aires continued). China and Europe, 1500-2000 and Beyond: What is "Modern"? The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade, puerto galera - phillipines.com, East Asia in the sixteenth century: Malacca, China and Japan. Global trade when manila founded ii. The demand for opium rose rapidly and was so profitable that Chinese opium dealers began to seek out more suppliers of the drug, thus inaugurating the opium trade; one merchant declared that Opium "is like gold. Silver also found its way across other parts of the world as well. From 1575 to 1590, the use of amalgamation multiplied the output of Potos, the most prominent Andean silver mine, by six. The hardest tasks smelting coin metal, cutting and preparing coin blanks for stamping was carried out by drafted Andeans and enslaved Africans. Above all the viceroy Toledo recast the Mita which was an Inca system of obligations in order to provide one-seventh of the able-bodied male indigenous Quechua and Aymara farmers and pastoralists of the highlands for various tasks in the Spanish sector of the colonial economy. [15] By the nature of their geography, China had no real amount of precious metals of their own to back the paper money they invented. by Adolfo Arranz and Marco Hernandez of South China Morning Post. When the Spanish tried to establish commercial ties with China they found little taste for goods from the outside world. The Chinese monetary system was especially responsive to the arrival to Spanish American silver. In 1572 some had machinery 18 feet in diameter and a foot wide connected to an axle to lift and drop six stamp hammers. The ratio of mercury to silver produced was about two to one. China and Europe, 1500-2000 and Beyond: What is "Modern"? No less vital were the bulky raw materials required by the silver mining and processing establishments- iron, salt, lead and litharge, copper sulfate and mercury. Luis de Campoche claimed that the roads of Peru were so covered with people that it seemed that the whole kingdom was on the move. In an effort to be in compliance with GDPR we are providing you with the latest documentation about how we collect, use, share and secure your information, we want to make you aware of our updated privacy policy here. Estimates are that much silver still remains in the mines. However, it transpired the Chinese had a voracious appetite for silver. Silver and Global Commerce.docx - Strayer Section Notes Like the other rebel leaders he was sentenced to a gruesome death, and like Tupac Amaru ll, he was torn apart by horses and his body part displayed where his crimes had been most egregious in Spanish eyes. The fleet bound for the isthmian Caribbean port of Nombre de Dios, known as Galeones, left San Lucar, the port of Seville, in mid-April. [3], Spaniards at the time of the Age of Discovery discovered vast amounts of silver, much of which was from the Potos silver mines, to fuel their trade economy. monarch passed laws to limit power of encomenderos to prevent native exploitation; Sp. [4] As the Spanish need for silver increased, new innovations for more efficient extraction of silver were developed, such as the amalgamation method of using mercury to extract silver from ore.[5], In the two centuries that followed the discovery of Potos in 1545, the Spanish silver mines in the Americas produced 40,000 tons of silver. In return came a diversity of European goods: wines, almost all from the Seville region, Andalucian olive oil and raisins, as well as the cloth of Castile and Flanders, paper and books. The British, offended by the seizure of their property in opium, sent a large naval expedition to China to end the restrictive conditions under which they had long traded with that country. Nothing grew at that altitude, so there was no population at the time silver was discovered in 1545. These European vessels became known as China Ships. 3 0 obj Global silver trade from the 16th to 19th centuries - Wikipedia the two states that controlled the principal new sources of silver. Conditions underground were harsh. The rebels rejected their Mita obligations totally. Sir Francis Drake who raided several Sp. Native Peruvians from hundreds of miles away were forced to travel to Potos to labour in the mines, then given the back-breaking task of carrying the daily quota of 25 bags of silver ore, each. Although initially the global silver trade was motivated by the discovery of new sources of silver, ultimately it was Chinese demand that sustained it during 1550-1800. [citation needed] A large populace near the Lower Yangtze averaged a hundreds of taels of silver per household in the late 16th century. In the 1570s the Chinese moved from paper money to a silver-based system. China had one quarter of the worlds population and the largest taxing system in the world and silver became the only acceptable currency for paying taxes. Story of cities #6: how silver turned Potos into 'the first city of Because the Spaniards didn't find gold but did find copious amounts of silver in Bolivia and Mexico, the Spaniards and the rest of Europe used this silver to purchase the commodities of choice from China, solving both of their problems. It is one of the poorest cities in Peru today with a majority population composed of indigenous peoples. Global Trade: Silver - digfir-published.macmillanusa.com Manila also provided sailors with respite before their long and arduous journey to Acapulco, the Spanish base where galleons would unload and trade their goods for silver ingots, and later, coins. Together they composed a small town (7000 people and 30,000 animals) in transit. [11] In Bolivia's mines, the mit'a system was a dominant form of native labor subjection, although waged laborers worked on the mines as well. East Indian Ocean and the Far East, Atlas: Ferno Vaz Dourado, 1571, Lisbon, Torre do Tombo, The Chineses Parian quarter in Manila. The introduction of the patio method in Mexico about 1554 and is attributed to a merchant from Sevilla, Bartolome de Medina, who developed mercury amalgamation. The sea connection between Panama and the Peruvian coast was especially difficult. Once discovered this route was followed by the galleons from Manila for over 250 years. The main source of the Global Silver trade - Potos In the 1540s, the first Spanish explorers described a "thumb of silver" sticking out from the Altiplano. He was impressed by its market value but more intrigued with the way this single item of commerce brought together new and old worlds i.e. [10] Major outposts for the silver trade were located in Southeast Asian countries, such as the Spanish Philippines. ", Xiantang, Li. Mount Potos was soon renamed El Cerro Rico, in honor of a huge outcropping of silver ore which ran down one side of the mountain, hinting at the vast riches which lay beneath. [38], In the late 18th century, British merchants from the East India Company began to introduce Indian opium to Chinese markets. Silver Trade Dbq Analysis - 607 Words | Internet Public Library Production of silver from the Cerro Rico grew rapidly peaking in 1592. Chinese merchants in Manila, mainly from Fujian, lived in an intramuros area known as the Parian, and grew in number some 150 in 1564 to 30,000 in 1603. [28] Scholars find the amount of silver traveling from Manila to China was approximately three million pesos or 94,000 kilograms in the early 1600s. By the end of the sixteenth century, it had become one of the largest and the highest cities in the world, and in 1561, Philip ll of Spain, decreed that it should be known as the Villa Imperial de Potos.. "[40] Following a debate at court in 1836 on whether to legalize the drug or crack down on its use, the emperor decided on the latter. Grapes and dried fish were sent from the Pacific coast. Potos became the second largest city, and the site of the first mint, in the Americas. Global Connections Since 1400 Chapter 14 Flashcards | Quizlet Within decades the miners reached the water table at 400 to 500 meters depth. In 1592, 444,000 lbs. At an altitude of 4,000m, Potos lies at the foot of the Cerro de Potosi, a mountain popularly conceived as being made of silver ore. China's insatiable demand for silver led to increased production in the Bolivian highlands and by the late 16th century Cerro de Potosi alone produced an estimated 60 per cent of all silver mined in the world. in, Girldez, Dennis O. Flynn-Arturo. Mercury from Huancavelica was carried by llama and mule to the east at Chincha, shipped by Galleons to Arequipa, and then transported overland to Potosi. That process was so widespread that local Chinese government officials would demand taxes to be paid in silver to the point that silver eventually backed all of China's economy. Silver DBQ Exemplar - ONE EXEMPLAR: Let's break it down now ya'll The Ming Ministry of War sent approximately 140,000 liang of silver to its soldiers and required provinces to provide silver as tax for the war effort as well. Global Trade: Silver - digfir-published.macmillanusa.com By 1620 the population of Potosi reached between 100,000 and 120,000 people, making it larger than Seville or Lisbon, and half the size of the greatest cities in Europe. Iron from northern Spain was essential to mining. Silver in Japan 30% and 16% in 17thcentury iv. View Global Silver Trade (Reading).pdf from SOCIAL STUDIES 101 at James Hubert Blake High. To get to the Philippines from New Spain (Mexico) was relatively easy and the route was established in the 1540s. ", Flynn, Dennis, and Arturo Giraldez. 1590) Boxer Codex, Lilly Library, Indiana University. The Spanish acquired the silver, minting it into the peso de ocho to then use it as a means of purchase; that currency was so widespread that even the United States accepted it as valid until the Coinage Act of 1857. Textiles came from Cuzco or were imported from Europe via the official route through Panama, or by the clandestine route though Brazil. How Silver Sent From The Americas To China Changed The World And arrival Asia, c. 1600, Asian artisans began producing products (i.e. Record several things from the video you think are interesting:-The mine in Potosi, which was established by the Spanish, once produced half of the world's silver.-The Spaniards converted the natives to Catholicism and advanced their colonial control over South America. to work in silver mines, began 1573, lasted 250 yrs. A major drive of the Spanish colonization of the Americas during the late 15th and 16th centuries was the discovery, production, and trading of precious metals at a time when there was a severe shortage of them. The mills were complex and expensive. In the late 16th and early 17th century, Japan was also exporting heavily into China and the foreign trade at large. in southern China in early 16th c. which served as key trade port for European merchants to exchange silver for Asian luxury goods, capital of Spanish Philippines that provided crucial connection point between American silver shipped from Acapulco and the Asian markets, 1570s: Ming changed tax system from payment in goods or labor to payment in silver; with world's pop. [2] In addition to the global economic changes the silver trade engendered, it also put into motion a wide array of political transformations in the early modern era. [35] Founder of the Ming China dynasty, Hongwu, actually sought to eliminate silver from the market due to his fear of inflation which he previously experienced in the Yuan dynasty. Mules and cattle were raised around Cordoba and Tecuman province (in present day Argentina, literally the land of silver). Cargoes for Lima were unloaded at Calloa and carried inland by mules or in heavy carts. A city was established there by the fifth viceroy of Peru, Francisco Alvarez de Toledo, in 1572, who called the new settlement Vila Rica de Oropesa after his title and his hometown in Castile. Using stamp mills, powered by mules or water wheels, the silver ore was crushed to gravel then smelted in blast furnaces with lead and lead oxide. Born with a Silver Spoon The Origin of World Trade in 1571 while the West hungered for goods from China. The geographical mobility brought about by the massive impute of cheap forced indigenous labor in these transactions is hard to imagine much less to quantify. The muddy composite was spread out over a stone paved courtyard (the patio hence the name patio process). The presence of mercury at Huancavelica coupled with the abundance of cheap labor supplied by the rotational labor system mita made this intense production possible. By that time, Spanish America was the world's most important silver-producing region, and China by far its biggest consumer." Silk was popular, both in its raw form and finely embroidered, as was porcelain, diamonds, pearls, ivory and wooden furniture. The Manila Galleons made the round trip across the Pacific once or twice a year. His attempt involved imposing harsh limits on silver mining to stop its flow into the market and subsequently replaced it with baochao or paper money.
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