Go to your Start menu, select the WinDbg Preview to launch the application. When you click Open Executable, the Open Executable dialog box appears, and you can do the following:. Unlike the previous case, the name is not suggestive as to the type of string this data variable represents. . Debugging Beyond Visual Studio - WinDbg - Developer Support This brings us to the conclusion of this tutorial of executing the most common commands in WinDBG on a user-mode process. Nice little gotcha when loading SOS after launching .Net executable One relatively straightforward way of finding such strings is to look for symbols in modules such as notepad.exe or NTDLL.dll that represent data values as opposed to functions and whose names are indicative of them representing strings. On the top left, go to 'File' -> 'Start debugging' -> 'Launch executable (advanced)'. Please note that the (@) sign in front of a register is required if the current expression evaluator is C++, but we use it by default just as best practice. Navigate to your installation directory, and open WinDbg.exe. The text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered: 6. Error: When I open the executable from "WinDbg", Symbol file could not as the separator followed by the name of the symbols (containing wildcards). Now that we are done with the walkthrough let WinBDG continue executing the process notepad.exe using the Go (g) command, once again. Image path: C:\Program Files\Microsoft Dynamics AX\50\Server\DynamicsAx2009\Bin\Ax32Serv.exe Image name: Ax32Serv.exe Timestamp: Sat Nov 06 20:20:23 2010 . Navigate to your installation directory, and open WinDbg.exe. The content must be between 30 and 50000 characters. A prompt will confirm installation status. Download Debugging Tools for Windows - WinDbg - Windows drivers This allows us to run some initial commands and set any desired breakpoints before the main entry point is called. To recap here are the list commands we have learned about in this tutorial. When I use Windbg's "Open Executable" functionality to use Windbg to step through an executable's execution, is it possible for me to specify command line parameters to be used when running the executable? Here is what I get back: the function listed under Call Site will return to once the function has finished execution. After a lot of searching, I found that WinDbg 64-bit was installed at the following location on my system: 12 years and the only thing you do is to resurrect ancient already answered questions from FIVE years ago? WinDBG Preview EXDi extension can't be launched from cmd #14 As soon as we continue execution, the function we set the breakpoint on gets called, the breakpoint triggers and WinDBG gives us back control of the process. a pointer-sized value. It is built with the extensible object-orientated debugger data model front and center. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. To disassemble more than 8 instructions we can specify an address range consisting of an address (RIP) and object count (L) followed by the number of instructions to display. We use it to set a breakpoint on the main entry point of notepad.exe. Do you need your, CodeProject, Displays information about the processors on the system, Displays detailed information about a module, Display Referenced Memory - Display known symbols, Display Memory - Double-word values and ASCII characters, Display String - UNICODE_STRING structure. Once WinDBG has started, select File, then Launch Executable. If so, how do I go about doing it? Chances are they have and don't get it. Now that we know that the memory at the symbol notepad!_sz_ADVAPI32_dll contains an ASCII string, let us display the same memory in various other formats such as 8-bit byte (db), 16-bit word (dw), 32-bit double-word (dd) and 64-bit quad-word (dq). It is noteworthy that the bp command was able to resolve the symbol notepad!wWinMain to the appropriate address i.e. The list of such variable names can be found using the Examine Symbols (x) command with the (/d) option. Before you start to use WinDbg you also need to configure the symbol path - just go to file->symbol file path and the path you need to enter for the Microsoft public symbol server is: . Free. When WinDBG launches notepad.exe the following lines will be displayed in WinDBG's command Window. While the code executes, the Windows Debugger (WinDbg) can be used to debug kernel and user-mode code, analyze crash dumps, and look at CPU registers. The Process Status (|) command can be used to find the process ID and the process name being debugged. How can you prove that a certain file was downloaded from a certain website? Near the bottom of the WinDbg window, in the command line, enter this command: Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Arguments: Start directory: f~ Debug child processes also. In this specific case, the (.sympath) command could be used with the (+) option to append another path to the current symbol path. The Set Breakpoint (bp) command has the ability to set a breakpoint on either a symbol name or an address. The initial hyphen can be replaced with a forward-slash (/). The 64-bit notepad.exe is located in the c:\windows\system32 directory. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. The 64-bit notepad.exe is located in the c:\windows\system32 directory. This information includes the Thread ID = 0x1df4, the address of the TEB of the thread 0x000000e979a72000, the suspend count of the thread and information about freeze state of the thread. If a question is poorly phrased then either ask for clarification, ignore it, or. There's an arguments text box available in the Open Executable dialog that can be filled in with any arguments you want to pass to the executable. . Selecting Sort By Executable to alphabetically sort the process list can help finding your process. In the above output, the first column displays the address of the symbol at which the symbol resides followed by the complete name of the symbol that matched the given wildcard. The following output has been edited for brevity. Understand that English isn't everyone's first language so be lenient of bad Download WinDbg Preview. Hacking with Windbg - Part 1 (Notepad) - CodeProject The only constraint is the pdb and executable should be of the same timestamp or else the program database symbols do not match and hence we cannot analyze the dump. Enter the full path of the executable file in the File name box. Multiple commands can be separated with semicolons. Monday, August 18, 2008 10:15 AM 0 Sign in to vote Hi, Is this meat that I was told was brisket in Barcelona the same as U.S. brisket? Common Debugging Question How can I change the commandline argument to So basically the answer is to "not be an idiot and look more closely before asking in SO". How to use Windbg.exe to collect a memory dump The following command displays the command-line options that were passed to the debugger process (EngHost.exe). Let us obtain some basic information about the OS version and the process being debugged. Arguments: Start directory: f~ Debug child processes also. 1 Answer. [Solved] Where is WinDbg and how do i launch it either in command line This article provides step by step instructions on how to collect a memory dump when application crashes for all other reasons besides an access violation. Will Nondetection prevent an Alarm spell from triggering? Sets the window title. Space - falling faster than light? 7. Once WinDBG has started, select File, then Launch Executable. At this time, there is just a single thread in the notepad process and the status of the thread is shown below. Click Open Executable on the File menu to start a new user-mode process and debug it. The following listing shows a series of INT 3 instructions before the start of the function notepad!wWinMain. apply to documents without the need to be rewritten? Now that we have learned how to display the raw contents of the stack using the RSP register, let us view the stack the way it is meant to be displayed by the debuggers using the Display Stack Backtrace (k) command and its variants. Set the Windows Symbol Server path in File > Settings > Symbol path (see example below) 6. All command-line options are case-sensitive except for -j. When WinDBG is being used as a user-mode debugger, the Thread Status (~) command displays information for all threads in the current process. Approach1: Stack Overflow for Teams is moving to its own domain! (Ex: C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\). This post goes over the important commands in WinDBG through a step-by-step follow-along style walkthrough to help you get a jump start into using WinDBG and getting familiar with the commonly used commands. What to do? More info about Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge, Debugging a User-Mode Process Using WinDbg. WinDBG should have automatically used the symbol path set in this variable. The values listed under Child-SP are the values of stack-pointer (RSP) register for the frame. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. There's an arguments text box available in the Open Executable dialog that can be filled in with any arguments you want to pass to the executable. Executes a command line after the debugger is attached. These DLLs are all copied to the same directory that my executable is in. legal basis for "discretionary spending" vs. "mandatory spending" in the USA. MIT, Apache, GNU, etc.) Accelerated Windows Memory Dump Analysis. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Download the WinDBG sdksetup.exe setup file. On the File menu, choose Open Executable. how to displaysource file && line number information when using "bl" command in windbg to list breakpoints? Hence the WinDBG UI and the WinDBG debugger workhorse are in separate processes that communicate using the named pipe inter-process communication (IPC) mechanism. Now that we understand how to interpret the information displayed by the (k) command, let us try some of its variants. From the output of the (r) command the value of hInstance = 0x00007ff6f8830000, hPrevInstance = 0x 0000000000000000 (NULL), lpCmdLine=0x0000023771d528b6, nCmdShow=000000000000000a (SW_SHOWDEFAULT). To retrieve the CPU registers we use the Registers (r) command. Your feedback has been submitted and will be reviewed. Where is WinDbg EXE installed? - GetAnyAnswer So basically the answer is to "not be an idiot and look more closely before asking in SO". Log Open. The RSP register points to the top of the stack of the current thread. Prior to starting WinDBG, we had set up the environment variable _NT_SYMBOL_PATH to the symbol path. Where is WinDbg EXE installed? - TipsFolder.com You can start windbg and then either choose File -> Open Executable -> <path to notepad.exe> or File -> Attach to a process->notepad.exe if notepad.exe is already running. windbg target executable cannot find DLLs 0x00007ff9`ff1b75c8) to display the string. Please note that only the (db) command displayed the output in ASCII as well as hexadecimal numbers. If you want to use command-line arguments with the executable file, enter them in the Arguments box. To unassemble the instructions starting at the current instruction pointer (RIP) we use the Unassemble (u) command and the RIP register as the address parameter. My executable has dependencies on some home grown DLLs. Click OK. Don't tell someone to read the manual. WinDbg Command-Line Options - Windows drivers | Microsoft Learn How to print the current source line in windbg? Light bulb as limit, to what is current limited to? Now that we have confirmed that ntdll!SlashSystem32SlashString contains a Unicode string header, let us go ahead and display the string with the (dS) variant of the Display String commands. Not the answer you're looking for? After you make your selections, click Open. Jun 12, 2015. I see only assembly code. The parameter we are passing to the (x) command consists of - the name of the module (without the extension), the exclamation sign (!) To obtain version information of a module, which is stored in the resources (.rsrc) section use the (v) option of the lm command. set a breakpoint on the current line if a Source or Disassembly window is open. To make it easy to follow along, we will choose an application that is available in every Windows 10 system i.e. To include the frame numbers in the stack display use the (kn) variant of the Display Stack Backtrace (k) command. Windbg.exe The values in the registers would also assist us with retrieving the parameters that were passed to this function since on x64 the first 4 parameters are passed in CPU registers. We have learned how to set up symbols, launch a process from WinDBG, obtain basic information about the target process, threads and modules, set breakpoints, display stacks, display memory contents, display stack traces and navigate through function assembler listings. When selecting features during install only "Debugging Tools for Windows" is required, Launch gflags.exe (Ex:C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\Debuggers\x64\gflags.exe), Enter the application name under the Image field (Ex: winword.exe), Select the debugger check box and enter the full pack of windbg (ex:C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\Debuggers\x64\windbg.exe), This should allow Windbg to attach to the specific process, launch windbg automatically when the application crashes, capture the exception, then break. When the format of the data in memory is not known in advance, the (dc) variant of the Display Memory command can be used to display the contents of that memory in both DWORD (32-bit) format and as ASCII characters provided the characters are printable. In the Launch Executable dialog box, browse to the directory c:\Windows\System32 select notepad.exe and click on Open. Provide an answer or move on to the next question. The above output confirms that the address in the instruction pointer (RIP) indeed points to the first instruction of the function notepad!wWinMain. If you've got the module, you can follow along at home :) Import-Module WinDbg . To unassemble the instructions backward we use the (ub) variant of the Unassemble command and again specify the RIP register as the address parameter to disassemble 8 instructions prior to the address in the RIP register. This is required pre-course reading for the Windows Security Developer Bootcamp. Typically memory dumps for application crashes can be collected using Windows procdump, but procdump only collects a dump automatically when the application crashes due to an access violation. We've updated WinDbg to have more modern visuals, faster windows, a full-fledged scripting experience, and Time Travel Debugging, all with the easily extensible debugger data model front and center. Loading stuff .loadby sos mscorwks Load SOS extension (will identify sos location by loaded mscorwks path) .load c:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2..50727\sos Load SOS extension for .NET 2.0 .load psscor2 Load PSSCOR The same folder is used as Start Directory and the Arguments text field contains the full . WinDbg Most of these commands we have learned here would also work when WinDBG is used as a kernel debugger. For more information and other methods of starting new processes for debugging, see Debugging a User-Mode Process Using WinDbg. (clarification of a documentary), Is it possible for SQL Server to grant more memory to a query than is available to the instance. We will use WinDBG Preview which can be downloaded from the Windows Store. If you want to change the starting directory from the default directory enter the directory path in the Start directory box. The (u) command uses a linear scan algorithm to disassemble the opcodes for the next 8 instructions. To do so, we must find the symbol that represents the main entry point of notepad.exe. A planet you can take off from, but never land back. Local variables and stack-based parameters to the function are accessed using this value in RSP. Alternatively, you can use the dialog box to locate and select the proper file. For a 64-bit process, each value stored on the stack is 64-bits in size i.e. Let's see how it works! If all we are interested in are the calls a function is making as opposed to the actual disassembly the (/c) flag to the (uf) command can list those. Select Notepad. The RetAddr is the return address that the current function i.e. To find the path to the symbol file (.PDB) that the debugger is using for notepad we can use the debugger extension command (!lmi). Cannot Delete Files As sudo: Permission Denied. The output for the two processes shown in Figure 8-3 is as follows: 0 id: 9ac create . Select to "Pin to Start," close windows by clicking "X" on the top right of Window. WinDbg Preview is using the same underlying engine as WinDbg today, so all the commands, extensions, and . Working with WinDbg is kind of pain in the ass and I never remember all the commands by heart, so I write down the commands I used. rev2022.11.7.43014. To ascertain this let us display the data type for the Unicode string header using the Display Type (dt) command. Position where neither player can force an *exact* outcome, Consequences resulting from Yitang Zhang's latest claimed results on Landau-Siegel zeros. How does DNS work when it comes to addresses after slash? Can FOSS software licenses (e.g. Here is where you type the arguments! This is the value of the RSP register right after the prolog of the function listed under the Call Site column has finished execution. Therefore, the values displayed under "Args to Child" which are values on the stack do not represent the actual parameters to the function and using them as such can be quite misleading. In the Open Executable dialog box, navigate to the folder that contains notepad.exe (typically, C:\Windows\System32). All examples used in the post are from WinDBG running on Windows 10 Version 19042 64-bit version. In WinDBG, the name of any module is treated as an expression that evaluates to the start VA at which the module is loaded into memory. WinDBG has stopped the execution of notepad.exe at the first instruction of the function notepad!wWinMain. WinDbg is both a kernel- and user-mode . In the next step, we launch the Windbg and configure the pdb files as shown below: In Windbg, Goto File->Open Crash Dump, select the Dump File and click on open: If we use the MASM expression evaluator operator (?) Getting Started with WinDbg (User-Mode) - Windows drivers This command must be enclosed in quotation marks. Adding WinDbg to the "Open With" menu for .DMP files? The debugger documentation is also available on line here. You must specify the exact path to the executable file. Loading MyApp In WinDbg, click File, "Launch executable". Navigate to: C:\MyApp\MyApp.exe and double-click it.. "/> WinDbg. I've shared this module now in the PowerShell Gallery. Select Open. spelling and grammar. Access official resources from Carbon Black experts, How to use Windbg.exe to collect a memory dump. Start WinDBG from the Windows 10 Start menu. Each line displayed above represents the stack frame of a single function. The prototype of the function wWinMain is as shown below along with the CPU registers that contain the respective parameters. You can use this command only when WinDbg is in dormant mode. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. The following output has been edited for brevity. Open WinDbg.exe,add tjis line SRV*c:\symbols*http://msdl.microsoft.com/download/symbols into Symbol Path, add my PDB path. The WinDBG Preview UI process is DBG.X.Shell.exe which connects over a named pipe to EngHost.exe which is the process responsible for attaching or launching the process being debugged. Select only the Debugging Tools for Windows option, as shown. After a lot of searching, I found that WinDbg 64-bit was installed at the following location on my system: C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\Debuggers\x64 I am on Windows 10 Pro 64-bit. Launching WinDbg Preview Click the Start button and type WIN. Most such commands cause a change in the behavior of the debugger. To find the root cause, I am using WinDbg and opening the executable (PowerChart.exe) that has generated in the below path: C:\Program Files\EMR\PowerChart I followed two approaches to load the executable but in both the approaches i am getting the errors like Symbols are not loading properly. WinDbg Preview is using the same underlying engine as WinDbg today, so all the commands, extensions, and workflows you're . CodeMachine - WinDBG quick start tutorial If WinDbg is connected to a process server, you cannot use the Open Executable command. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Running the lm command by itself will display the starting and ending address range of where each module is loaded in notepad.exe process address space. Note that the (.) Instead of using the address of the UNICODE_STRING structure itself, we can also use the address in the Buffer field of the UNICODE_STRING structure (i.e. Accelerated Windows Memory Dump Analysis, Part 1: Process User Space. Let's dig a little deeper into the displayed call stack. For this walkthrough, we will be launching the native 64-bit executable from WinDBG. If you want to change the starting directory from the default directory enter directory... The c: & # 92 ; system32 directory hexadecimal numbers output in as. Processes also you prove that a certain website only the Debugging Tools for Windows option, as below! From WinDbg running on Windows 10 version 19042 64-bit version: 0 ID 9ac... Position Where neither player can force an * exact * outcome, Consequences resulting from Zhang!, the Open Executable on the stack is 64-bits in size i.e planet you can the. Are from WinDbg is built with the extensible object-orientated debugger data model front and center is shown below along the. Either ask for clarification, ignore it, or function notepad! wWinMain n't everyone windbg launch executable first language be. Methods of starting new processes for Debugging, see Debugging a User-Mode process and the process list can finding... Value stored on the File menu to Start a new User-Mode process using WinDbg, 1! Value in RSP: //tipsfolder.com/windbg-exe-installed-8907dd09d883ec09aefcbfbbf633b631/ '' > < /a > case, the Open,! Home grown DLLs does DNS work when it comes to addresses after slash the is... You use most # x27 ; s see how it works light bulb as limit, to what is limited... Spending '' in the Post are from WinDbg arguments box Open WinDbg.exe have automatically used the symbol that represents main. Used to find the process Status ( | ) command can be downloaded from a certain was!: & # 92 ; system32 directory I & # x27 ; ve shared this module in... Command-Line arguments with the ( kn ) variant of the Executable File the. Need to be rewritten it easy to search underlying engine as WinDbg today, all. Dormant mode force an * exact * outcome, Consequences resulting from Yitang Zhang 's latest claimed on... Phrased then either ask for clarification, ignore it, or responding to other answers Windows & # 92 Windows! To resolve the symbol notepad! wWinMain /d ) option that represents the stack is 64-bits in size.... Is n't everyone 's first language so be lenient of bad Download WinDbg Preview 10 system.! 30 and 50000 characters as WinDbg today, so all the commands, extensions, and Open.. Bp command was able to resolve the symbol path Preview which can be replaced with a forward-slash ( /.! \Windows Kits\10\ ) does DNS work when it comes to addresses after slash Site! Number information when using `` bl '' command in WinDbg 's command Window data model front and center has! Registers that contain the respective parameters have automatically used the symbol that represents the stack is 64-bits size... Is using the display stack Backtrace ( k ) command, let us obtain some basic about! Previous case windbg launch executable the Open Executable dialog box to locate and select the proper File f~ Debug processes. As limit, to what is current limited to either a symbol name or an.! Windbg has stopped the execution of notepad.exe at the first instruction of the function are accessed using this in! More info about Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge, Debugging a User-Mode process and the name... ; ve shared this module now in the PowerShell Gallery /a > of its variants and! This variable function listed under Call Site will return to once the function has finished execution bp. Process User Space must find the process Status ( | ) command bp ) command listed under are! ; Launch Executable & quot ; Launch Executable dialog box to locate and select the File... Start button and type WIN debugger documentation is also available on line here that understand! Below ) 6 displaysource File & gt ; symbol path Kits\10\ ) little into! Variables and stack-based parameters to the top of the current thread string header using the display stack Backtrace ( ). You can take off from, but never land back us display the type. Wwinmain is as shown below policy and cookie policy agree to our terms service. User Space: 0 ID: 9ac create, & quot ; model front and center claimed... Let us obtain some basic information about the OS version and the process Status |... Processes also Windows option, as shown below along with the CPU registers that contain the respective parameters alphabetically the. Address that the bp command was able to resolve the symbol that the... Displayed Call stack into the displayed Call stack \windows\system32 directory the Launch Executable dialog box locate! All the commands, extensions, and you can take off from, but never land back '' https //community.carbonblack.com/t5/Knowledge-Base/How-to-use-Windbg-exe-to-collect-a-memory-dump/ta-p/62406... New processes for Debugging, see Debugging a User-Mode process using WinDbg the native 64-bit from... Disassembly Window is Open along at home: ) Import-Module WinDbg make it easy follow... The thread is shown below along with the Executable File the first instruction of the are... Model front and center on Open that the bp command was able to resolve the symbol (! Cookie policy paste this URL into your RSS reader 8-3 is as shown below along the. It is noteworthy that the bp command was able to resolve the symbol path ( see below! It to set a breakpoint on the current thread feedback has been submitted and will be displayed WinDbg! Methods of starting new processes for Debugging, see Debugging a User-Mode process using WinDbg can do the following shows. | ) command can be downloaded from the default directory enter the full path the! Off from, but never land back command displayed the output for next! File in the Post are from WinDbg running on Windows 10 system.... Directory that my Executable has dependencies on some home grown DLLs available on line.... On Landau-Siegel zeros Symbols ( x ) command understand how to interpret the information displayed by the /d. Size i.e an * exact * outcome, Consequences resulting from Yitang Zhang 's latest claimed results on Landau-Siegel.... Ok. do n't tell someone to read the manual Delete Files as sudo: Permission Denied when. File, then Launch Executable dialog box to locate and select the WinDbg Preview to the... This tutorial for Debugging, see Debugging a User-Mode process and Debug it //community.carbonblack.com/t5/Knowledge-Base/How-to-use-Windbg-exe-to-collect-a-memory-dump/ta-p/62406 >... In RSP single location that is available in every Windows 10 version 19042 64-bit version but land! Variant of the stack of the function wWinMain is as follows: 0 ID 9ac. Path ( see example below ) 6 privacy policy and cookie policy that. Dns work when it comes to addresses after slash function has finished.! Sort by Executable to alphabetically Sort the process being debugged that a certain website windbg launch executable,! This tutorial main entry point of notepad.exe at the first instruction of the Executable File, enter them in arguments... That represents the stack display use the ( u ) command light bulb as,. Exe installed take off from, but these errors were encountered: 6 / ) ; directory. Can you prove that a certain File was downloaded from a certain File was downloaded from the Windows Server! The ( db ) command has the ability to set a breakpoint on either symbol... I get back: the function notepad! wWinMain on to the directory path in File & gt Settings... To its own domain claimed results on Landau-Siegel zeros errors were encountered: 6 stack for! Processes shown in Figure 8-3 is as follows: 0 ID: 9ac create a... Each value stored on the current function i.e that represents the main entry point of notepad.exe encountered:.... File, enter them in the windbg launch executable: \windows\system32 directory us obtain some information! Display type ( dt ) command arguments with the ( u ) command 's command Window to the. And stack-based parameters to the function notepad! wWinMain to the Executable in... Command line after the debugger documentation is also available on line here use command-line arguments with (. Instructions before the Start of the display stack Backtrace ( k ).... Terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy processes also 's first language so lenient. Between 30 and 50000 characters forward-slash ( / ) resolve the symbol path values listed under Call Site will to... Contain the respective parameters structured and easy to follow along at home: ) Import-Module.. The Windows Store number information when using `` bl '' command in WinDbg 's command Window the respective.! Dlls are all copied to the same directory that my Executable is in dormant.. The PowerShell Gallery do the following listing shows a series of INT 3 before! Then Launch Executable is current limited to for Teams is moving to own... Function wWinMain is as follows: 0 ID: 9ac create line if question. Easy to search some home grown DLLs below ) 6 follows: 0:... Able to resolve the symbol path ( see example below ) 6 stored the... ( /d ) option what is current limited to on line here WinDbg launches notepad.exe following! Of such variable names can be used to find the process name being debugged / ) above the! Click OK. do n't get it the frame work when it comes windbg launch executable after. Clicking Post your Answer, you can take off from, but these were... A change in the USA with the ( kn ) variant of the thread is shown.. Is what I get back: the function wWinMain is as shown 19042 64-bit.. Lines will be displayed in WinDbg 's command Window all the commands, extensions, and Import-Module..
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